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threats outer space

How criminals could use space junk to attack any business

  • min read
    • A powerful way cybercriminals can cause catastrophic damage on Earth is to attack in space. It may sound like science fiction, but now we all rely on space infrastructure to do business, any organization could be affected. Space enthusiast and Distinguished Chair of the cybersecurity program at Middle East Institute Chris Kubecka explains a little-known space disaster scenario we should be more aware of in Tomorrow Unlocked's video Threats in Outer Space. Smash-ups in space Although space exploration has brought many world-changing advances, it's left orbit like many places on Earth – littered. From obsolete satellites to rocket parts and chips of paint, space junk circles the Earth at high speeds, threatening to collide with useful things, like working satellites and the International Space Station. Collisions could be deadly or cause irreparable damage to expensive equipment. Any smash-up creates more space junk, raising the risk to other orbiting objects. For a sense of just how much 'stuff' there is up there, see known space objects tracked in real-time on StuffIn.Space, some known only as 'debris' or 'unknown.' The 'black swan' of space crashes One of the most serious consequences of a space collision is Kessler Syndrome. Kubecka describes it: "A big enough collision would create a chain reaction, causing space junk to smash into each other all over orbit, forming a dust cloud." An accident or deliberate attack could trigger a Kessler Syndrome event. Kubecka explains, "It's now so cheap to build 'attack CubeSats' or even larger satellites. You could cause collisions." She also points to the growing use of Internet of Things (IoT) devices in space tech. "If IoT goes rogue, that's a big problem." As wealthy business people become more visible in space exploration, the potential for huge media attention will attract cybercriminals to attack their space systems and use them to create chaos in space – and so, chaos on Earth. Preventing a 'Kessler' event As well as protecting space systems from cyberattack through the best available methods, like cyber immunity – building systems in a way that makes them almost impossible to compromise – we must take out the space trash. As part of the Securing Space initiative, Kaspersky supports fledgling innovators StartRocket as they develop a new way to remove space debris from orbit – with foam.

One click to attack critical infrastructure: What can we do?

  • min read
    • Growing digitalization in the industrial sector makes attacking critical infrastructure (CI) easy for cybercriminals. For example, ransomware attacks on critical sectors hit headlines in 2021. But what can we do about it? Can the international community cooperate across borders to respond fast and effectively? I've written before on how the world could improve its cross-border firefighting. Now there's a new UN cyber dialog with diplomats from 193 countries getting together to discuss using information and communication technologies (ICTs) for cyber stability, security and peace. And we may now be a step closer to a solution. Kaspersky organized the workshop, One click to attack critical infrastructure: What can we do? at the 2021 UN Internet Governance Forum (IGF) with experts from cyber diplomacy, cybersecurity research and incident response worldwide. Many national perspectives We looked at national approaches and existing good practice in critical infrastructure protection and heard how states implement the UN cyber agreements and critical infrastructure protection norms. Germany: Cyber protection is a whole-of-society issue Ambassador Regine Grienberger (@GERonCyber) of Germany's Federal Foreign Office said Germany's approach to critical infrastructure protection is whole-of-government and whole-of-society. Close public-private cooperation with sharing information and lessons learned are essential parts of it. Ambassador Grienberger says, "In Germany, we've built a national framework for critical infrastructure protection, which is embedded in the legal framework at European Union level and complemented by our cooperation with our international partners. Lack of human resources remains a serious challenge. We need greater investments in cyber capacity building." Switzerland: Sharing responsibility Daniel Klingele, Senior Advisor at Switzerland's International Security Division of the Federal Department of Foreign Affairs, said cost of regulatory action versus incentives, decentralized structure of responsibilities and building an inventory of critical functions all guide their regulatory approach. Mr. Klingele also thinks it's important to focus on public-private partnerships to ensure a shared responsibility, but critical infrastructure operators must also understand their responsibilities to manage cyber risks. Singapore: Three areas for international cooperation Dan Yock Hau is Assistant Chief Executive for National Cyber Resilience at Singapore's Cyber Security Agency. Mr. Dan highlights three areas for international cooperation: Consensus (states agreeing on 'rules of the road',) collaboration (keeping digital domain safe and secure through effective collaboration and partnerships) and capabilities (investing in capacity building to spearhead a systemic response to cybersecurity.) Mr. Dan believes governments should lead in strengthening cooperation because the weakest link can provide an entry point to a system but also risk to other countries. He says, "Cyber threats are not confined within geographical boundaries. Bilateral, multilateral cooperation are key to share timely information and respond to incidents swiftly." Australia: Mandatory reporting requirements for operators Johanna Weaver (@_johannaweaver) Director of Tech Policy Design Centre, Australian National University, highlighted Australia's new legislation outlines mandatory reporting requirements for critical infrastructure operators and extends government powers to take control of infrastructure if there's a serious cyberattack. Ms. Weaver says governments and the private sector must have regularly tested plans for effective incident response. "All states have now agreed they should protect critical infrastructure and they are not going to intentionally damage other states' critical infrastructure using ICTs. But not enough countries are being transparent about the use and development of offensive cyber capabilities. Australia is among the few countries that publicly commit that we are not going to use these to damage other states' critical infrastructure." A UN cyber emergency phonebook? We also explored the idea of a UN 'cyber emergency phonebook' in our workshop. If an attacked state can't respond and protect itself, who should it ask for help? And where a cyberattack affects critical infrastructure in several jurisdictions, how should cross-border cooperation happen? Serge Droz, Board of Directors at Forum of Incident Response and Security Teams (FIRST,) said most incident response teams run into limits handling incidents and don't have access to infrastructure operated by third parties. Mr. Droz says the international community should invest in developing trusted relationships, but trust is hard to institutionalize. Regular collaboration helps, and trust between individuals spreads further into teams. Mr. Droz also highlighted the importance of neutrality in Computer Emergency Response Teams (CERTs.) "CERTs' key role is to respond to incidents. They shouldn't be party to other activity like attribution or using offensive capabilities. Focusing on their role is key to ensuring their neutrality during a cyber emergency." Carmen Corbin, Head of Counter Cybercrime Programming for West and Central Africa, UN Global Programme on Cybercrime (UNODC,) agreed with Mr. Droz and added the need to keep an ongoing focus on capacity building and training in helping states be more effective in protecting critical infrastructure. "Experiencing cyber emergencies together helps experts and communities build closer and trusted relationships." Pierre Delcher, Senior Security Researcher at Kaspersky, said multiple factors trigger cooperation – like common values, shared commitments and compatible capabilities – but trust underpins it all. He believes continuous collaboration and experiencing common events develops trust. "Cybersecurity incidents are usually global, but the response, almost never. Cross-border cooperation should bring better results," says Mr. Delcher. "An emergency phonebook may be a good start. It could be done through existing cooperation mechanics." What should happen next? We're not alone in the wilderness when dealing with critical infrastructure incidents. Since 1998, states have talked about working with ICTs in the interests of peace and security. The new five-year long round of the UN cyber dialog continues soon. Hopefully the international community will have new practical achievements even sooner.
space infrastructure cybersecurity

Why aliens might be the next big cyber-hackers

  • min read
    • On Earth, we depend on what we've put into space. And like all critical infrastructure, space infrastructure needs cybersecurity. It's a vital backbone for sensitive systems and tasks that support economies, communication and science. Increased technology in critical infrastructure means improved service, but it also means more ways for intruders to attack. We use satellites to communicate and monitor weather, but also to explore space. Increasing space missions also bring new ways to attack. And whenever a new technology emerges, it attracts hacktivists, organized state cybercriminals and cyber mercenaries. We must learn from past mistakes and put cybersecurity front and center while expanding space operations. Layers of space infrastructure Like typical critical infrastructure, space infrastructure has three main layers. Corporate network or user segment Typical critical infrastructure has a corporate network that hosts email, file servers, digital services and so on. In space infrastructure, it's called the 'user segment,' and it's where administrators and systems operators process data from all segments. Field layer or space segment Space probes, sensors, satellites and other things that collect data from the environment are the 'space segment.' In traditional critical infrastructure, it's the field layer. The space segment facilitates long-range communication and monitoring services to the ground segment. Supervisory or ground segment We need a layer between connecting field devices with the corporate network for monitoring and processing data. It's called the supervisory segment in critical infrastructure or the 'ground segment' in space. The ground segment receives space communications, and monitors and controls spacecraft like satellites, telescopes and probes. Each segment hosts systems, networks and devices and provides a set of services to other segments. When a service or device is network-connected, it's exposed to cyber threats. Cyberthreats in space Cyberattacks can enter space infrastructure through corporate networks (the user segment,) satellites, satellite communication and any system that connects to the space network. As early as 2022, 4G towers on the moon could be another entry point. We don't often hear about cyberattacks on space infrastructure, but they happen, which is why some countries are expanding their space cyber defense. In 2019, the US government established the Space Force as its sixth armed force. The Space Force protects US interests in space, including cyber operations. In the same year, NASA found a rogue device, a Raspberry Pi, stealing sensitive information undetected for 10 months. Cyberattacks affect space agencies like all big organizations. Cybercriminals target their networks for many reasons. As well as targeting space networks' user segment, threat actors target communication between ground stations and satellites, eavesdropping and spying. We also see an arms race in space warfare. Global powers are establishing space units within armed forces, while others are taking it to the next level with kamikaze satellites. But seriously, alien cyber-hackers So far, we've discussed human-generated threats. But there are also non-human and unintentional threats like space junk, solar flares and thunderstorms that affect space infrastructure and cause disruptions on Earth. Future of space exploration More countries than ever are launching missions to space. In 2020 alone, China, the United Arab Emirates and the US launched missions to Mars while China's rover has been exploring the Martian surface. NASA's Artemis program aims to place the first woman and next man on the moon by 2024, to study and collect information for planning a base camp on its south pole for the next giant leap – sending humans to Mars. Once, only governments were in space, but private companies are now taking over the space race. Here are my predictions for the future of space exploration. We'll fly by rocket instead of airplane We're always looking for the fastest way to travel. On the ground, the proposed Hyperloop could reach speeds of 760 miles an hour – 50 percent faster than commercial jets. Meanwhile, Elon Musk wants to fly people in rockets instead of airplanes, avoiding friction and air resistance to make speeds up to 17,000 miles per hour, or London to Dubai in under 30 minutes. Space tourism will be a norm Space tourism is right around the corner. We'll see hotels in orbit as our newest 'getaway' on a whole new level. Gateway Foundation announced plans to open the first space hotel, Voyager Station, as early as 2027. As we learn how to survive in conditions different from Earth, we'll also see vacation destinations on the moon and Mars. Robots are the new astronauts Artificial Intelligence is prominent in our lives today. It's just a matter of time before we have robots capable of doing anything humans can do, including becoming astronauts. We can design robots to withstand harsh conditions on different planets. There are already semi-autonomous machines like Perseverance on Mars, but their computational intelligence is limited. As technology advances, we'll send robots powered by supercomputers to discover the unknown. Human colonies on planets and moons Humans will venture into space and start colonizing solar system planets and moons. We're already planning bases on the moon and Mars, so it's just a matter of time until we see sustainable colonies hosting thousands, if not millions, of people. Infrastructure will also progress to host hospitals, farms and schools. We'll mine space resources To settle on a planet, we'll need to mine its raw materials. Water could be highly valuable on other planets because it can be broken down to hydrogen for rocket fuel and oxygen to breathe. Space mining will be one of the most crucial industries for humans going interplanetary. This space future, or any other we imagine, will need IT infrastructure and communication, and like space infrastructure today, will have ways for cybercriminals – alien or human – to attack. We must remember space infrastructure is already crucial to life on Earth and protect it accordingly. Cybercriminals have already shown they can hide a Raspberry Pi from NASA, and they'll have many more tricks up their sleeves. Let's make sure we explore the solar system and the universe in the safest way we can.
global cyberincident response

How the world could improve its cross-border cyber firefighting

  • min read
    • If a cyberattack knocked out the energy grid or hospital in your town, you'd expect a fast response. You'd perhaps imagine critical infrastructure operators, computer emergency response teams and cybersecurity vendors would coordinate, exchanging information and helping victims. But today, global cross-border coordination mechanisms for a major attack on critical infrastructure aren't there yet. In the event of an attack, those affected tend to look around for the right person to call and ask for help, delaying response and putting users and cyber stability at greater risk. What can be done about this lack of a system? What's been achieved so far? We're not entirely alone in the wilderness when dealing with critical infrastructure incidents. Since 1998, states have been talking about working with information and communication technology in the interests of peace and security. Countries have agreed on three international documents that pave the way for a global response to a critical infrastructure attack. The 2015 UN Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) report includes non-binding norms for critical infrastructure protection and asks governments to "take appropriate measures to protect their critical infrastructure from ICT threats." It also promotes assisting victim states. The 2021 UN Open-Ended Working Group (OEWG) consensus report recommends states "consider nominating a national Point of Contact (PoC) at technical, policy and diplomatic levels." In the advance copy of the 2021 GGE report, 25 government experts elaborate on how to implement norms, including on critical infrastructure protection and assistance. States also clarify how Points of Contact (PoCs) can work. With these steps, the global community has a good base for developing a global incident response. But it's important to start implementing these agreements while clarifying what victims should and shouldn't do, the private sector's role and how any party should gather and exchange information for incident response and mitigation. High on the cyber expert agenda Experts have been discussing improving global response mechanisms, for example, at the world cybersecurity conference, RSA, in 2021. One RSA Conference session saw experts from INTERPOL, the global Forum of Incident Response and Security Teams (FIRST) and Switzerland's Federal Department of Foreign Affairs (FDFA) sharing views. Craig Jones, INTEROL's Director of Cybercrime, said information and communication technology incidents are underreported and under-investigated because there's no unified mechanism to inform everyone of an attack. Jones continued, "It's in everyone's interests to thoroughly investigate incidents and to gather and share as much information as possible." Despite the value of unified action, the current geopolitical situation contributes to a lack of information-sharing and low trust between states. Serge Droz, Chair of FIRST, says building trust in a difficult political environment can't be rushed. "Cybercriminals love 'divide and conquer.' That's why our biggest challenge is to decide how we'll all work better together." Building trust and cooperation between states Jon Fanzun, Special Envoy for Cyber Foreign and Security Policy at Switzerland's FDFA, spoke of what's needed for greater trust between states and between states and the private sector. The Geneva Dialogue on Responsible Behavior in Cyberspace, led by the Swiss FDFA and implemented by DiploFoundation, is an example of building greater trust and closer community. The dialogue shapes a joint vision of digital security and global policy processes for a trusted, secure and stable cyberspace. What should the mechanism be like? The mechanism should start by giving recommended technical and operational national Points of Contact (PoCs) in the event of an attack. These would serve as a 'final station' in reaching out to a national computer emergency response team, law enforcement agency or cybersecurity professionals to exchange technical information to help cross-border cooperation and incident response. How a global incident response mechanism might work There could be a three-step process in a scenario such as a country's energy grid being attacked. Step 1: National Points of Contact (PoCs) would facilitate further coordination with the country's other authorities, as they organize cyber exercises regularly and have developed incident notification cross-border procedures, tools and templates. Step 2: PoCs would connect the attacked energy grid with the software manufacturer and a cybersecurity company, and CERTs of the attacked country and software manufacturer's country. Step 3: PoCs would quickly exchange information on the threat and analyze and compare forensic samples to address the incident. This mechanism would ensure a timely and coordinated global response and mitigation, and enhance the global community's technical and operational capacities, contributing to cyber stability. There are encouraging signs like the UN open-ended working group on cyber and the sixth GGE process. It shows, despite confrontations in cyberspace, states want to keep up critical dialogue for cyber stability. For everyone else, including us at Kaspersky, it's important to follow these processes and engage proactively, supporting states with our expertise to help keep our shared cyberspace open, stable and secure.
Cybersecurity for home working in a hurry

Boost cybersecurity for remote working teams with system hardening

  • min read
    • COVID-19 has forced people around the world to work from home. For IT managers, in all industries and sizes of organization, there's more security risks to deal with. Why? Outside of the workplace, with on-premises tech teams on-hand when things go wrong, there's a whole host of threats that extenuate for employees working from home. Remote working heightens cyber-risks With no boss or co-workers looming over colleagues, there's more temptation to do personal things on a work device. Like shopping, letting your kids use your corporate laptop for homework, or succumbing to clickbait from untrusted websites. Right now, we're seeing a rise in phishing attacks related to COVID-19, falsely promising 'urgent health advice.' Outside the office, there's a higher risk your employees may unwittingly unleash a cyberattack. It could happen by doing something as simple as updating a free application like a PDF reader; many free downloads are riddled with vulnerabilities – opportunities for hackers to force access to your machine. If corporate devices aren't patched properly, it increases the chances those hackers will cause havoc. But now the majority of endpoint devices are remote and not on high speed corporate networks, patching is increasingly difficult. As the COVID-19 lockdown continues, updates will fall behind the release of new versions, making devices more vulnerable so it crucial to use endpoint solution layers to your advantage. If you haven't already, invest in training your homeworking employees to become more aware of cyber-risks. Aside from education, system hardening can help you minimize remote working attacks. What is system hardening? Imagine this: Your employee has a child who's been given a USB stick from their school with homework. The school doesn't have the best cybersecurity, and there's malware on it. Once that's on your colleague's work device, it can be compromised. But by disabling particular devices from accessing your USB ports, you eliminate that risk. This is an example of system hardening by tightening up access to your devices. So what else can you do? Like this story, it's simple: start with the basics. Layers are critical to your cybersecurity defenses First and foremost, if you don't have endpoint security protection – security solutions, like anti-malware that helps protect computers from cyberattacks – get it on all devices across your IT network. Many businesses buy endpoint protection just for blocking malware, but there are other layers within the software to protect your devices. Use all the security features, or layers, to your advantage. Firstly, use features which lets you limit or block specific applications you don't trust. Next, add a web control layer that blocks particular websites or their categories, which could include social media (unless that's part of your job), ecommerce or adult websites. The anti-malware layer should be your last defense against cyberattacks: Build the layers from the bottom up so hackers have more hurdles to jump before they get here. Harden first, invest in new tech next I work with IT managers in enterprises. About three in four of the people I speak to aren't using the full features of their endpoint product. The issues they're concerned about, like ransomware attacks, could be prevented with system hardening, yet there's a huge push to move onto next-gen technologies which defend by predicting, detecting and actively respond to cyber-threats. While these solutions are critical for the future of cybersecurity, before investing in more advanced tech, get the basics right first. If you don't, when you launch new solutions, you'll spend most of your IT team's time fixing smaller issues, like cleaning up malware, that could've been sorted through system hardening. Need next-level protection? If you have skilled IT security experts in your team, or you're handing sensitive customer data, you'll need more than just endpoint security. Consider upgrading to solutions like Kaspersky's EDR which offers response and forensic capabilities in the event of a cyberattack. It's simple: with system hardening, you're making each device as resilient to a cyberattack as it can be. With multiple layers of security in place, your IT team will have more time to focus on critical issues and keep the systems running smooth.
security home working

Securing home workers isn’t just about technology. It’s about business culture.

  • min read
    • In recent years we've become accustomed to hearing how new technology is changing how people think and interact. But throughout most of history, it's been more a case of needs must – we've created technology to overcome challenges our environment has thrown us. The technology that lets us work from home is good for more than carrying on business in a crisis. Employees escape cramped cubicles and noisy open offices. They cut hours (and pollution) from their daily commute. We work at times that suit us, in a place we're most comfortable, closer to loved ones. Businesses can tap into talent around the world and reduce the cost of assets and buildings. They also benefit from home-based employees being more productive, engaged and loyal. Change your culture as well as devices There's more to enabling working from home than giving employees a laptop and corporate smartphone or introducing a bring-your-own-device (BYOD) policy. It's a culture change. Business executives must lead by example and administrators must find ways to stay in control of digital assets. Charl Ueckermann, CEO of Kaspersky's Africa Partner of the Year 2020, AVeS Cyber Security says: "You want the best of both worlds: minimize business disruption and open opportunities to create new business models." Business leaders may fear losing control. Taking devices outside company buildings expands attack surfaces substantially, giving cybercriminals many new opportunities to exploit your most valuable asset – data. And when people connect to company resources over unsecured home networks, the risk multiplies. Ueckermann goes on to say: "You have to get the core things right to keep the lights on. Leadership will play a crucial role in setting the organization's cultural tone. "A new talent pool becomes available if your business is set up for teams who can work from anywhere, at any time. Highly-skilled people who were previously limited by family responsibilities or geographic location now become potential candidates to recruit." We're guilty of appalling security habits Principal Security Researcher at Kaspersky, David Emm, says: "Our ability to communicate, work and transact online has never been more critical. We also have to face the reality that where people go, cybercriminals follow. If there is an opportunity to exploit a situation and lure people into disclosing personal data or sending money, you can guarantee cybercriminals will be working on it." With the number of Internet of Things-connected devices at 3.5 for every person on Earth and growing exponentially, information security must be scalable, multilayered and centrally managed. Let's face it: Many of us are guilty of some appalling mobile security habits. Despite using our smartphones for everything from business email to personal banking, over a quarter of us don't even lock our smartphone screens. When you consider how often these devices are lost or stolen, it's a big problem. Losing the device is nothing compared to hackers or other unauthorized third parties having access to every connected account and file on the device. Here's three ways you can help your home and remote workers to work more safely. 1.  Start by laying down the ground rules Check and update your cybersecurity policy so it fits the current situation for remote work. It should say clearly which devices and apps employees may use, which security measures they must adopt and how they can share corporate data. For example, you probably won't want remote-working employees accessing your data from a jailbroken iPhone or an ancient laptop with a long-obsolete operating system. Having employees well-versed in policy is essential, but we all make mistakes. Remote workers shouldn't be living in constant fear of opening the door to cybercriminals. Focus on cyber-awareness training so homeworking employees understand their responsibilities to protect corporate data and what risks they may be exposed to from social engineering. Kaspersky's David Emm's warns that, "Staff should be especially wary of messages that claim to give important information about current events, as cybercriminals are known to use this tactic." 2.  Secure employee devices To protect your corporate data, give your employees, and contractors who can access your network, the tools and hardware they need to work safely at home with easy access to IT support teams for troubleshooting. IT administrators must maintain visibility of their digital assets across an expanding array of devices and operating systems. Mobile device management (MDM) technology should accompany your cybersecurity policy to help enforce the rules. It lets administrators monitor, manage and secure devices used for work, and grant or revoke access rights. If a device is reported lost or stolen, they can remotely wipe it and revoke access rights to any online accounts from that device. Device encryption is also a no-brainer; it's vital to prevent data being compromised if the device falls into the wrong hands. 3.  Level up your data protection 90 percent of cyberattacks include social engineering, exploiting human foibles rather than technological weaknesses. It's often dead easy for scammers to dupe victims into giving away confidential information over unsecured channels by impersonating a colleague, client or business partner. If an employee gets an email masquerading as a technical support agent from a known service provider asking for remote access, there's a good chance they'll fall for it.  They can then gain access to confidential data if it isn't secured. According to Kaspersky's 2019 research about digital clutter, 72 percent of employees store documents at work that contain personally identifiable information or sensitive data. From this, the attacker can gain access to the entire business network from compromising that one employee-owned laptop. As well as educating your employees, keep all devices updated with latest versions of endpoint security. Automate measures for better data protection, like password protection and data backups. David Emm also advises to "make sure operating systems and apps are always updated. Provide a virtual private network (VPN) staff must use to connect securely to the corporate network and restrict their access rights once connected. They should protect corporate devices, including mobile devices, with security software that allows remote wiping of data from devices reported lost or stolen, segregates personal and work data and restricts app installation." Cloud-managed security can drive innovation Working away from the office is critical to be able to innovate. With business apps and data hosted in the cloud, IT administrators can enjoy centralized management by maintaining full visibility of their digital assets. Instant protection comes with reduced reliance on endpoint security since all confidential data is kept in a secure data center rather than on local devices. Business leaders no longer have to depend on their policies and device-level endpoint security – though this is still essential. They can instead build a centrally managed, software-defined computing environment where adding new users means simply creating an account, then letting the remote-working employee access everything they need through the web. This approach is not only better for information security; it reduces the need for remote workers to exchange files over email or unsecured file-sharing services. Make sure your cloud set-up is configured with the relevant level of cybersecurity protection for your company's data needs, don't expect this to be installed or run by the cloud provider. Work anywhere, secure everywhere Remote working shouldn't be a source of fear. It's not about losing control. It's about decentralizing your workforce and letting them work in new ways. In the long term, it delivers enormous value for the whole business. Today's security solutions let you control the security and compliance of your digital assets. No matter where your workers are, you can keep your corporate data safe.
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About Secure Futures

Secure Futures magazine is your go-to business guide for opinions, trends and insight into the world of technology and cybersecurity. We help your business to bring on the future. Brought to you by Kaspersky, the global cybersecurity experts.

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