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Gemma Milne

Gemma Milne is a technology and science writer who specializes in biotechnology, space, energy, health and quantum computing for publications including Forbes, BBC, The Guardian and Quartz. She is also the co-host of the Science: Disrupt podcast and will soon publish her first book about hype in science and technology. She's a fan of books, powerlifting, travel and the occasional gin and tonic.

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Latest stories by Gemma

Astrolab nanosatellites orbiting larger satellite

Start-ups in space: Six out-of-this-world business opportunities

  • Future tech
  • min read
    • Does space present a business opportunity for the everyday entrepreneur? You might not be such a 'space cadet' if it's your dream to set up in space tech. Reaching for the stars is no longer the preserve of business giants with staggering budgets. Here are six areas where space tech entrepreneurs have seen a business, environmental or humanitarian opportunity, and set about filling the gap. 1.   Understanding the developing world needs accurate data Swedish start-up Ignitia uses satellite data to solve a problem that affects farmers in tropical countries such as Ghana, Nigeria and Mali. Weather forecasting techniques designed for northern latitudes don't work so well here because there are fewer ground observation stations, and tropical weather behaves differently. Ignitia runs simulations of tropical convective patterns on a cluster of supercomputers, using satellite data to pinpoint farmers' locations. They send each farmer a 48-hour forecast by SMS, accurate to within 3 km. A study found farmers who used Ignitia reported a 65 percent increase in yields. Climate Edge is a social enterprise with similar aims but different methods. They realized farmers in areas hard hit by climate change found it hard to adapt without digitized data. Climate Edge uses a small weather station to collect data about farm conditions, like soil temperature and humidity, and transmits it through the 2G cellular network. With the ability to log and monitor conditions that determine farms' yield and produce quality, NGOs could make the right investments to make a difference. 2.   Making tech because you can, then figuring out who needs it While Climate Edge and Ignitia were inspired to do something about environmental problems, successful businesses sometimes come out of developing technology without knowing who needs it. A group of ex-military and space program scientists, CyStellar first created a platform that combined satellite, airborne and ground sensor data. Later, they developed a series of products that applied the information in useful ways for industries from wine to shipping. One of their products, InsurTech, detects and monitors objects and geographic features over time, reporting even minor changes. It means insurance companies can more accurately determine risk, charge more appropriate rates and detect fraud. For customers, it means they can claim more quickly, as the system provides evidence and information the customer would otherwise need to collect. 3.   Revealing what's previously been hard to see Entopy is working to make the supply chain more efficient by using geolocation and GPS. They aim to give logistics managers full visibility of their supply chain, breaking down the silos of different companies involved, such as factory, shipping, warehouse and retailer – all without any party having to change their tracking system. Finland's ICEYE has an eye on shipping safety, among a range of other applications. They use small satellite synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) technology to give ship captains detailed information on the sea ahead, which may be hidden by fog or darkness. The technology also tracks icebergs and predicts their future movement. 4.   Helping cities reduce congestion and environmental impact As cities change and grow, so too must their infrastructure. Teralytics use mobile signal data to help make transport more reliable, efficient and sustainable. Aggregating (grouping individuals' data together with others) for privacy, they report on how people are moving around cities and the journeys they're taking. Organizations that supply public transport, build roads or provide for niche transport needs can buy the data to use in designing and redesigning their networks to reflect better where people go and when. https://vimeo.com/390004849 Teralytics explain how space data helps understand how people travel. Start-ups are trying to expand mobile, data and GPS coverage too. Swiss start-up Astrocast has designed, built and operates its own constellation of nanosatellites, aiming to bring stronger connectivity between regions and expand coverage. Smarter cities will need secure networks to enable internet of things (IoT) devices – for example, autonomous cars – to communicate so they can behave in better ways, like reducing congestion. Satellite data can also give cities insights into environmental concerns like air quality. London-based space start-up 4 Earth Intelligence provides data that helps cities plan to reduce pollution. 5.   Realizing what satellite owners need With so much crucial data coming from satellites, there's high demand for services that support, maintain and protect the satellite network. The Airbnb of space data, Japan's Infostellar lets satellite owners sell surplus capacity to others. It's costly and only makes more space junk to be a hazard to others. Leo Labs specializes in tracking low-earth orbit satellites. They map satellite paths and work out if space debris could collide with satellites. Satellite operators who buy access to the data can adjust their satellites' flight paths to avoid a damaging crash. 6.   Reducing the environmental impact and cost of getting satellites into space As demand increases and tech gets cheaper, we're building and launching more satellites. Someone has to get them into orbit, and start-ups are involved there too. Scottish engineering company Skyrora design rockets especially for launching smaller satellites. The booming satellite 'taxi' market involves companies like Nanoracks ("concierge to the stars") that gather small satellites from multiple customers to piggyback on a larger launch. Once dropped off from the main vehicle, the taxi takes each small satellite to its orbit slot. Space tech isn't just transforming industries the world over. Led by a new breed of innovators and entrepreneurs, it's an industrial revolution in the stars.
neurodiversity interview nicola whiting

How cybersecurity businesses are welcoming neurodiverse talent

  • Talent
  • min read
    • Neurodiversity's importance in organizations is gaining steam, with many large, tech-rich enterprises like Ford, IBM and Microsoft reforming their HR processes to ensure they recruit and retain neurodiverse talent. Neurodivergent people have conditions that mean they think differently than others, for example, autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and dyslexia. I asked Nicola Whiting MBE, co-owner of Titania Group and NeuroCyber board member,  why neurodiversity matters in cybersecurity and how businesses can be more inclusive and supportive of neurodivergent employees. Gemma: Why is neurodiversity important? Nicola: Neurodiversity – where you have many different thinking styles and perspectives – increases the range of ideas in a business, which means competitive advantage in innovation and resilience. It's the opposite of groupthink – when everyone has similar ideas, so businesses stagnate and make poor decisions. More personally, being autistic, I'm saddened by how many brilliant neurodivergent people struggle to get jobs in our industry, despite the known skills gap. JPMorgan Chase reported in 2021 that neurodivergent employees in certain tech roles may be up to 140 percent more productive than neurotypical colleagues. However, businesses still struggle to build inclusive practices that let all neurotypes thrive. I want to help change that. You're on NeuroCyber's advisory board. What are its aims? NeuroCyber's founder and CEO, Mike Spain, has a neurodivergent son. He saw too few opportunities for neurodivergent people in cybersecurity and wanted to change that. NeuroCyber believes in inclusion at every level – over half the board are neurodivergent. We're driven to improve career outcomes for neurodivergent colleagues, enriching the sector and reducing the UK's cyber skills gap. Why does the cybersecurity industry especially benefit from neurodiversity? In cybersecurity, everything we do is either innovation – creating new things – or resilience against attack and business threat. Neurodiversity is essential for both. For example, if you follow the principle 'to defeat an attacker, you must be able to think like an attacker,' you need a variety of neurotypes because attackers are similarly varied. What about in leadership? Should boards and C-suites consider neurodiversity? Absolutely. Boards should be especially wary of groupthink. Many innovative, well-known entrepreneurs are neurodivergent, like Richard Branson, who is dyslexic, and Elon Musk, who is autistic. There are also many neurodivergent industry leaders who don't disclose the fact because they fear stigma. Which cyber organizations are 'doing it right' with neurodiversity? One organization I admire is Genius Within, founded by Dr. Nancy Doyle. They believe in creating inclusive workplaces, allowing neurodivergent people to thrive and maximize their talents and strengths. What's your advice for companies that want to become more diverse and inclusive of neurodiversity? Follow the principle of 'nothing about us without us' (NAUWU.) Teams that can drive their processes and practices are more engaged and have better outcomes. You should also acknowledge that people have unconscious bias that draws them to prefer working with people that look and think like themselves. You can see it in the questions we prioritize in recruitment like, "Will this person fit with the team?" rather than, "What new skills and talents will they bring, and how will we support them?" There's plenty of fantastic advice on reducing bias in hiring and retaining team members, much of which is free. Companies needn't look far to learn how to improve their processes, practices and culture for greater diversity and inclusion. What will organizations gain if they take action on neurodiversity? Taking action on neurodiversity can mean benefits in terms of growth, innovation and resilience to risk. You'll also gain the personal benefits of inclusive, welcoming work environments. It always pays to diversify. Opinions reflect those of the expert. Interview has been edited for clarity.
cyber future interview

How business can use cyber futurism to see what comes next

  • Emerging tech
  • min read
    • With new technologies like the metaverse arriving regularly, how can business leaders and cybersecurity professionals know what new threats to expect? Futurism – analyzing future scenarios to inform today's decision-making – is one way. Victoria Baines is professor of information technology at UK's Gresham College and a former Facebook executive and Europol officer. She uses future scenarios to understand technology today and how we should prepare for threats to come. We chat about what these scenarios reveal about our world today, what might happen with new technologies like the metaverse and what business can do to keep users safe. Gemma: What does it mean to explore the future of cybersecurity through scenarios? Victoria: Scenarios are not predictions, but if you do them right, they tell you as much about your situation now as what might happen in future. It's not just threats – it's how the world's changed, and what the tipping points may be. The pandemic was a tipping point for remote and hybrid working, but many find hybrid work just means doing all the things, all the time – the expectation they'll be available constantly for online and physical meetings. We'd been working up to that for a long time. Reliance on email was a compelling signal we needed to find something better, quieter, with less churn. I think we'll see something like that with the metaverse. We've now got the ultimate business case for it because Zoom and Teams aren't enough to feel like we're really working with people – we're still just on a call. Futures methodology is as much about exploring our present and spotting things in the past. What have you found out about the metaverse through your cyber futures work? Although there's hype and uncertainty around the metaverse, we have certainties about how it will develop. For example, Apple will probably bring out, or at least announce, a mixed-reality headset next year. However expensive, people want to use whatever Apple brings out. So we'll see people wanting Apple's mixed-reality headset in a way they haven't wanted other virtual reality (VR) headsets like Hololens or Oculus. This will significantly speed up metaverse adoption. The metaverse is less of a tipping point and more of an evolution. Roblox, Fortnight and Second Life are already metaverses. They use the feeling of presence and co-presence, and there's old research on this – academics like Mel Slater and Ralph Schroder showed us that being together virtually is emotional – it brings about positive reinforcement. We'll need AI-powered synthetic individuals to bump into in online social spaces because we need to feel like we're interacting with people – shaking hands, having sex and so on. We'll probably need 6G to power and connect all that technology, particularly if we want to use it when out and about. What security implications have you identified in the metaverse? Nothing's 100 percent secure – we must assume there'll be technical and human vulnerabilities in every aspect of VR, augmented reality (AR) and other metaverse-enabling technologies. In these scenarios, we look at all those vulnerabilities. We have signals already, like the panic around 'zoombombing' – hackers interrupting video conferencing with obscene and violent material. It happened because people shared their passwords on the open internet. We needn't panic – basic security measures would deal with it. But it shows that exploitation and infiltration will also play out in VR and AR. Are there new cyberthreats for the metaverse and related immersive technologies, or is it the same threats in new spaces and technologies? Much of it comes back to basic digital hygiene like patching, updating, and installing antivirus software. Basic 'handwashing' can do much to prevent ransomware infections. In that way, the new stuff isn't new, but we haven't given it enough attention. We've viewed online harm as less impactful – as it's not physical abuse, we treat it less seriously. With metaverse technologies, you can physically sense resistance and impact, which means opportunities for physical assault. That has an operational impact for information security and cybersecurity. What implications do these threats have for cybersecurity leaders today? Technical information and security aspects become more important in addressing psychological and physical harms in these connected spaces. Pacemaker interference with medical internet of things (IoT) signals that. We already have people walking around with internet-connected medical devices like defibrillators, insulin pumps and continuous glucose monitors. If those don't function properly, and if somebody dies, the question of responsibility arises. If it hasn't already happened, Chief Information Security Officers will be asked, 'What did the data say about any interference with that pacemaker? Was the firmware up to date?' We can see something similar playing out in the metaverse. Everyone will say it's someone else's responsibility – those who make the hardware will say it's the experience developer's responsibility, they'll say it's the user's responsibility, and so on. People used to thinking only about data security and network security must now consider users' physical safety.
data ethics interview

How data ethicists are helping tech business be better

  • Data and privacy
  • min read
    • Using data responsibly is a hot topic. Tech companies must ensure they don't cause harm, for example, by breaching consumer privacy or reinforcing bias through automated decisions. It's a moral and legal question, but it may be unclear how businesses and governments should approach their data responsibilities despite increased regulation. We still see egregious data use practice. Alice Thwaite is technology ethicist and responsible owner for ethics at OmniGOV, MG OMD, working with the UK government on communications and advertising. We chat about what data ethics means in practice. Gemma: What does it mean to be a data ethicist today? Alice: Ethics is the study of how to live. An ethicist takes a theory of how humans want to be treated and how we should interact with the wider world, and thinks about how an action or technology could contribute to that goal. We use ethical methodologies and knowledge about the consequences of a technology or business model to transform the business into one that prioritizes ethics. Businesses have always operated in the realm of ethics, but usually without a systematic approach. Ethicists co-create frameworks with stakeholders like customers, colleagues and wider society so that an organization's values become critical in business decisions. What does that look like in practice? First, we help organizations understand where they're making ethical decisions and show how they'll need a more systematic process to reach their ethical goals. Second, we educate organizations on ethical methodology and issues. Third, we assess practice to understand what the company wants to prioritize and how current practice meets ethical goals, making suggestions like 'ethical pilots.' Finally, we implement and measure ethical pilots so they can become policy. We don't work in a vacuum – we must be in constant contact with various communities. For example, before establishing diversity, equity and inclusion (DEI) initiatives, a company might think racial equality is important but have no roadmap to get there. With an influence campaign, education, auditing and an implementation program, they may still have a way to go. But they're now measuring ethnicity pay gap and thinking about inclusive work environments for different people. They can keep following the 'influence, educate, assess, implement' process to fruition. Where do organizations start? What tips do you have for those keen to start doing ethics? Hire someone to build an ethical program and link them with a sponsor who can ensure the organization implements their recommendations. They may have a degree in philosophy, international relations, social science or community work experience. Ensure they can learn as much as possible about business ethics and support their attempts to transform the culture. Those in data security or compliance should recognize an ethicist has different processes. The goals may be similar, but the process aligns more with social science and humanities methods. What questions should organizations wanting a data ethicist ask? Are we committed to change? Do we want a world prioritizing human values like democracy, dignity and freedom? Are we prepared for the discomfort that comes with changing procedures? If you're prepared to change, write a job description incorporating things I've mentioned and encourage your team members to apply. Opinions reflect those of the expert. Interview edited for clarity.
Stemettes STEM training

Young women may be the answer to cybersecurity’s skills gap

  • Cybersecurity training
  • min read
    • If there's a regular path into tech, Dr. Anne-Marie Imafidon MBE didn't take it. A child prodigy, she was the youngest girl ever to pass A-level (high school) computing. At 20, she graduated UK's Oxford University with a Masters in Maths and Computer Science. Anne-Marie's inspiration to turn her hand to social enterprise came from a stark realization. Attending a work conference in the US, she decided she wanted to change things for women who came after her. "It turned out to be a massive 'women in tech' conference. I had a bit of an epiphany. I'd always been a girl and had always been into tech, and had never noticed that was something strange," she explains. "So I started Stemettes as a response to that, to ensure my unborn daughters could be what they want to be, and thrive, because society depends on it." What Stemettes is changing Stemettes work across the UK, Ireland and beyond to inspire and support young women into science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) careers. It includes a content platform full of inspiration, free events and programs such as mentoring, school holiday programs and regular clubs – provided online in the age of COVID-19, in person at other times. "Our ethos across is it's always free, always fun and there's always food," Anne-Marie adds. The idea the tech industry needs more women and girls might seem a little old-hat in 2020. Much has been achieved, but women make up only 10 percent of the global cybersecurity workforce. The cybersecurity skills gap shows there's no room to let any interested young person go without the chance to get more involved. Stemettes has created cybersecurity courses and opportunities for young women where schools aren't yet catering for their interests. Along with British tech skills training provider QA, they've developed certification academies so young women between 17 and 25 can gain professional cybersecurity qualifications over half-term. The skills gap is more complex than you think Anne-Marie thinks there are a few elements to the cyber-skills gap problem across the industry. Understanding them can help inform where and how teaching skills to girls can have most impact. First, there's a lack of focus on basic digital skills across the board. Second, many more people need expert cyber-skills to build the industry and meet its demand. Third, there needs to be more focus on cybersecurity services for small- to medium-sized businesses (SMBs) using digital technologies. "There's a gap in not just cyber-awareness for SMBs, but also cybersecurity services and advice aimed at and priced for them. When I was younger, there were a lot of people, and social media agencies, who'd go to their local high street and say, "Hey, barber, pay me each month and I'll run your Facebook and your Instagram." There's a cottage industry around that, but we don't have that for cybersecurity. We've ended up having a lot of vulnerabilities because people aren't following basic cyber-hygiene." It's bigger than just SMBs turning their businesses digital, though. Anne-Marie says, "There's so much in building systems, even just for us to be able to vote electronically in the future. There's a lot that needs to be developed in the cyberspace just to keep us safe. We don't have enough people with these skills to work in these companies and run these start-ups." Why teaching girls can be the solution In creating the Stemettes Certification Academy, Anne-Marie saw an opportunity for girls not only to be better trained in cyber-skills, but be able to jump into the profession armed with expertise and qualifications. "We spotted from the girls we work with that the provision in the normal education system for anyone who wants to be in computer science is patchy. So academically, they're not able to pursue things they're interested in, or getting blocked from being able to develop skills they'll need when working," Anne-Marie explains. "These girls are learning from real trainers who teach and work professionally in cybersecurity. They're doing real adult qualifications in cyber to learn the basics, but also to understand their options in cyber." For Anne-Marie, Stemettes is playing a role bigger than just filling the current skills gap. "We're skilling up with real certifications and a generation of new young women who can work in cyber, but even if they choose not to, they take cyber-knowledge into medicine, architecture or other parts of life they touch." How should businesses get involved? Stemettes is proving there's a high impact from its focus on sharing, upskilling and awareness-raising. What does Anne-Marie think corporates working with technology could be doing? "They should fund any kind of cyber-awareness, or cyber-skills, programs around them. They need to invest in future skills and skills of their people. They should also open their doors and do as much sharing in the community around them. I get that if you make money from your cyber-knowledge, giving it away for free isn't the easiest. Still, much is already public in skills frameworks, so they can be part of information dissemination to society. That would be amazing." Stemettes is just one organization supporting routes for girls and women into technology. Kaspersky partners with Girls In Tech, a STEM organization for women, and Cyber Starts, its EU campaign to support early talent women which has hosted events in London, UK and Boston, USA with inspiring female industry speakers. It also hosts the Women in cybersecurity Facebook group to support those entering and working in the field. It might seem like Anne-Marie is asking a lot, but the need for a long-term approach in investing in cyber-skills is ever more pertinent in 2020 as the world demands more, better, faster technology. As she puts it: "It ultimately makes their job easier."
how to spot hype

Many hats make light work: How to see the truth hidden by tech hype

  • Emerging tech
  • min read
    • Hype is increasingly playing a big part in the worst decisions around technology. Investors and journalists alike fell for Elizabeth Holmes' shiny pitch for her non-existent blood testing technology Theranos. Fitness tracker Jawbone, once valued at 3 billion US dollars, was among several wearable tech firms to go spectacularly belly-up as it became clear the market wasn't as expected. Seeing past puffed-up narratives and getting to the core of claims means making more informed decisions around technology, investing in the most promising next steps and building a business strategy with concrete foundations. You needn't necessarily wade through the mountains of information we're faced with every day to spot hype. As a science and tech journalist and advisor for Innovate UK and the European Commission on start-up funding, my job is to work out what's hype and what's not. Here are six ways to hone your critical thinking and better understand the complexity, adapted from my recent book, Smoke and mirrors: How hype obscures the future and how to see past it. 1. Understand what hype is for Most people think hype is a bad thing, and it can be a problem in that it sends us along the wrong path. But there's more to it. If 'consensual' fooling is what magicians do (you go to a magic show to be fooled,) 'non-consensual' fooling is lying. Hype could be considered 'accidental fooling' – the messages are not intended to misinform, but the person receiving them can easily get the wrong end of the stick. Hype is powerful. People use it because they're keen to get out what they think are important messages. They want to grab your attention. For example, government health guidelines intend to inform society. They might use hype to ensure people receive the message loud and clear. When you remember what hype is for, you may see a message differently. Ask yourself why the communicator might use hype. Are they trying to sell something, convince you to change your behavior or to expose a problem? Think about why and how the message got in front of you when interpreting it. 2. Find the nuance Many headlines and start-up pitches include absolute statements, like "AI will revolutionize health" or "robots will replace farmers." Statements like these are shortcuts to establish a jumping-off point. They're not necessarily false and normally contain a trace of truth, but they miss out a lot in their simplicity. To find the nuance, say to yourself, "Well, it depends." You're not denying another's expertise but getting yourself into a questioning state. When you start from a place of "Well, it depends," your mind can better explore scenarios that test the statement. For example, "It depends what kind of job I have as to whether a robot will replace me." Just three words can open your mind to nuance in absolute statements. 3. Look for your fanaticism If you work in tech, you're probably a techno-optimist: Someone who believes technology is a force for good. We wouldn't have much innovation without this excitement and optimism, but we need to be conscious of where our excitement turns into fanaticism. Emotional desire can blind us to the reality of societal impact. We can build and promote things that may be harmful to those unlike us. It's more than putting ourselves into other people's shoes; it's taking a step back and asking, "Do we need this?" We know technologies can evolve and lead to related industries, becoming a problem over time. We should ask ourselves these questions in the development process to prevent unintended consequences down the line. Another question to prompt this thinking is, "If this technology were to grow in mainstream adoption, what would be the dystopian science fiction novel written about it?" 4. Wear more hats Searching for the right or wrong answer is hard when faced with a complex question like, "Is AI good or bad?" There's a lot to consider. You need to 'map' the full system of ideas somehow, know the different scenarios in which the question must be answered and draw a conclusion. A simple way to start gathering the nodes is to wear different hats, one by one. Put on your own hat. What does the question mean in your personal life or business? Then put on your supplier or your management team's hats: What does it mean in theirs? Then consider working in a country not your own, in a different industry or being someone working 50 years in the future. This is a way to remove your blinkers and so, see past the hype. 5. Work out what's curbing action Hype can make people think someone else is solving things, so they don't need to do anything. For example, in the food industry, hype around vertical farms and lab-grown meat lets us 'off the hook' of changing their habits. The 'tech will save us' mentality stops us making more considered decisions about what we eat today. We can also work out, beyond the narratives laid in front of us, what fears or cultural tendencies build ideas in peoples' minds they're unwilling to confront. For example, the phrase "We'll find a cure for cancer" exudes hope, tenacity and courage. But it also shields fear that we still have far to go, and, of course, fear of death. This fear and, in some cultures, the taboo against talking about death, means it's become anathema to question those working in this field. It feels like doubting those on the front lines. Our trust rarely wavers. It's not necessarily a bad thing – many efforts in cancer therapeutics are successful – but when anything is culturally sacred and immune to criticism, much-needed constructive ideas are stifled. Consider the culture and public sentiment around the topic you're investigating. 6. Work out who is responsible right now Hype can sometimes give us narratives that relinquish our responsibility around technology. For example, "Robots will steal our jobs." It's an easily spread and understood idea, with an element of truth, but lacks important detail. If you take away the hyped narrative, realize it's a comment on the future of automation and rephrase it to "Company executives are going to choose to replace human jobs with robotic machinery," another element becomes clear. Instead of talking about Terminator storming in to claim your job or the technological singularity and when it might be achieved, immediate discussions around responsibility, decision-making and societal economics come to the fore. We need to work out who is involved in the technology's development right now and ensure their responsibility isn't hidden beneath simplified, hyped narratives. While decision-making in business is often the hardest part of the job, spotting hype in technology – and so preventing yourself and your business from succumbing to it – needn't be difficult. When you next come across a headline you think may be hyped, following these steps will help you make better decisions.
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Secure Futures magazine is your go-to business guide for opinions, trends and insight into the world of technology and cybersecurity. We help your business to bring on the future. Brought to you by Kaspersky, the global cybersecurity experts.

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